From barter to UPI.
Our first series traces how money changed over thousands of years, and what each step teaches us about value and trust.
Barter
Goods swapped for goods, if both sides wanted what the other had.
Commodity money
Grain, cattle and shells became shared measures of value.
Coins
Punch-marked silver coins circulate in India.
Paper money
Notes backed by a promise, not by the metal itself.
Central bank
The Reserve Bank of India is set up to manage currency and credit.
Cards
Debit and credit cards make money a number on a network.
UPI
Instant phone-to-phone payments for everyone.